• (R)-baclofen GLP signaling mediates important renal function

  2020-06-15

  

  GLP-1 signaling mediates important renal functions [101], as suggested by the expression of both DPP-4 and GLP-1R in the kidney of several species, including humans [102]. However, controversial data exists on the specific expression pattern of these proteins, based on the specificity and sensitivit

• br Acknowledgment This work was

  2020-06-15

  

  Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Estonian Science Foundation (Grant ETF8862). Introduction In higher eukaryotes ionizing-radiation (IR) induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are primarily repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway [1]. Ku, a heterodimeric protein

• In contrast to DDR the role of oligomerization

  2020-06-15

  

  In Alrestatin to DDR1, the role of oligomerization and/or clustering of DDR2 in mediating its interactions with collagen is less understood. Current data show that in DDR2, like in DDR1, (i) dimerization [7] and higher-order oligomerization of its ECD [11], [22] enhance its binding to collagen, and

• For human health risk assessment

  2020-06-15

  

  For human health risk assessment of chemicals, a default uncertainty factor (UF) of 3.16 is used to capture inter individual variation in toxicokinetics (Dorne and Renwick, 2005). However, the scientific background for this default UF remains unsatisfactory., Several studies have reported that a fac

• With the narrow SAR of the

  2020-06-15

  

  With the narrow SAR of the tail favouring the ortho sulfone group, we examined the remaining position open to substitution at the pyrazole 3-position, in an attempt to at least moderate the excessive human PPB (). Lipophilic groups in this position maintained huge shifts in potency in the absence or

• Additionally of outmost important is

  2020-06-15

  

  Additionally, of outmost important is the location of the different CpG islands in relation to the transcription starting site (TSS) of the promoter as well as their interaction with transcription activators or repressors. It has been shown that methylation at the downstream region of the TSS in the

• br Multi hierarchical structure of collagen Protein structur

  2020-06-15

  

  Multi-hierarchical structure of collagen Protein structure is the foundation of protein functions and properties. It is generally accepted that the protein has biological function only when it has tertiary structure or above. Among the identified 28 types of collagen, most is known about type I c

• Recently pharmacological studies have revealed that natural

  2020-06-15

  

  Recently, pharmacological studies have revealed that natural compounds achieve increasing attention due to its high therapeutic effectiveness and low adverse effect, compared with the chemically synthesized compounds. Emodin is a kind of natural anthraquinone derivative enriched in traditional Chine

• Although the presence of calcium in RHA

  2020-06-15

  

  Although the presence of calcium in RHA-P active site is confirmed by the homology modeling, some additional observations can be made following the metal depletion and reconstitution experiments performed on RHA-Phis. EDTA-treated RHA-Phis recovers its activity in the presence of divalent cations su

• ERR is constitutively active in

  2020-06-15

  

  ERRγ is constitutively active in the absence of endogenous ligand. However, several synthetic ligands that can repress or induce ERRγ function by disrupting ERRγ-coactivator interactions have been reported to date. The estrogen receptor modulators diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-O

• Protein ubiquitination occurs at the lysine

  2020-06-15

  

  Protein ubiquitination occurs at the lysine residues, and is mediated by the sequential reactions of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), conjugating enzyme (E2), and ligase (E3). The first step in this process comprises the ATP-dependent activation of ubiquitin by E1 to form a ubiquitin–E1 conjugate.

• br Concluding Remarks Recent studies have

  2020-06-15

  

  Concluding Remarks Recent studies have provided unprecedented details of APC/C structure and enzymology, which explain how the activity of this massive E3 ligase is controlled, and how ubiquitylation is achieved to temporally regulate cell division. Although one pervasive question has been why th

• br Conflicts of interest br Acknowledgements br Introduction

  2020-06-15

  

  Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements Introduction Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of death in the United States and among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally [1]. Inflammation is critical in all stages of atherosclerosis from the formation of a plaque in the ves

• The E enzyme is the apex for downstream

  2020-06-15

  

  The E1 enzyme is the apex for downstream enzymatic cascades and signaling pathways mediated by Ub and Ub-like proteins (Ubls) (Pickart, 2001). Studying characteristics of E1 and its catalytic functions may throw light to the role of ubiquitination in cell development. All known eukaryotic E1 are mon

• Over the past decade targeting DNA

  2020-06-15

  

  Over the past decade, targeting DNA repair proteins has emerged as an effective tool to enhance chemosensitivity of malignant cells [9]. However, identification and selection of the proper target of DNA repair pathways is critical to increase cytotoxic activity of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer c

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